A Brief Analysis Of Sex Education - 1134 Words

A Brief Analysis of Sex Education from Inception to the Present The topic of sex education conjures up much controversy regarding what should be taught, how it should be taught, or if it should be taught at all. The overarching goal of including sex education in public school curriculum should be to promote a lifelong healthy sexuality, and with this goal comes the hope that the inclusion of sex education in public schools will delay sexual activity. According to an article by David J. Landry, Jacqueline E. Darroch, Susheela Singh, and Jenny Higgins, â€Å"men and women in the United States typically begin having sexual intercourse during adolescence at a mean age of 16.9 years for men and 17.4 for women† (Landry, Darroch, Singh, Higgins,†¦show more content†¦Following World War II, several northern European countries responded to the United States’ efforts regarding sex education with curriculum that predominantly esteemed individual rights and pleasures in lieu of larger social goals. As for the U.S., this new topic beca me especially controversial between the liberals and conservatives. Liberals believed that sex education was simply overlooked and that the subject needed more attention. Conservatives on the other hand â€Å"argued that parents had the right to withdraw their children from sex education courses if it went against their religious beliefs† (Zervas, 2016). Sex education in the United States was originally advocated in 1926 by the National Education Association’s Committee on Character Education (Spring, 2014). It was promoted â€Å"as a means of combating the decline of the family and regulating sexual impulses for the good of society† (Spring, 2014). According to an article by Jennifer L. Greenblatt, â€Å"congress began promoting abstinence-only sex education in 1981 with its passage of the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA)† (Greenblatt, 2008). Soon thereafter, religious organizations began financially supporting AFLA in â€Å"religion-advancing waysâ₠¬  (for example, abortion was in no way encouraged) which led to a skewed sex education system that only taught from a specific religious perspective. This issue was addressed in court, and the final decision was that AFLA funding byShow MoreRelatedThe Family of a Different Feather: Toulmins Model Analysis642 Words   |  3 PagesThe Family of a Different Feather Toulmins Model Analysis VFlores July 6th, 2014 The Family of a Different Feather: Analysis The article â€Å"The Family of a Different Feather†, written by Sarah Yoest Pederson, touches deeply on the issue of same-gender parents and how to explain it to a curious, yet ignorant, child using a well written children’s book. Pederson proposes that children are mostly â€Å"egocentric†, unable to grasp the emotional simplicities between two parents of the same genderRead MoreDefinition Of Current Sex Ed Curriculum1104 Words   |  5 PagesSullivan Ford, Period 3 2/20/15 Current Sex Ed Curriculum If you don’t want your kids to drown in the pool, don’t teach them to swim, hide all of the life jackets, and let’s pretend water doesn’t exist. This is the general underlying concept of the Abstinence-only programs taught in schools across the country. Abstinence-only curriculums are taught in thirty-seven states and is considered the most common method when instructing sex education. I wouldn’t call education though, seeing that only thirteenRead MoreDimensions of Diversity1127 Words   |  4 Pagesfor individuals to appreciate and embrace differences in others. In this text, I define diversity and highlight its dimensions (both hidden and visible). 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The present survey included 5744 students, ages of 10-18 years, recruited by multistage random cluster sampling, from urban and rural areas of 27 provincial counties in Iran. Eligible schools for the study were stratified, according to the information bank of the Ministry of Education, and then were selected randomly. In selected schools, students were also chosen, randomly. The studentsRead MoreEssay about Death in Life and Love in Dorothy Parkers Poetry529 Words   |  3 Pagesthe opposite. Further analysis shows that the irony is not so direct and is again hidden in the ambiguity of the title. The poem sarcastically offers incomprehensible and mocking reasons to not commit suicide and continue to live. Regarding the title of the poem, the word resume, without accents, means â€Å"to take up after interruption† (Webster’s – 1937), which is appropriate to the poem. Resume, with accents, means â€Å"a summary, particularly a brief account of one’s education and professional experience†Read MoreEssay On Study Population735 Words   |  3 Pagesapplied in27 provinces in Iran. The detailed methodology was previously described and presented here in brief. The present survey included 5744 students, ages of 10-18 years, recruited by multistage random cluster sampling, from urban and rural areas of 27 provincial counties in Iran. Eligible schools for the study were stratified, according to the information bank of the Ministry of Education, and then were selec ted randomly. In selected schools, students were also chosen, randomly. The studentsRead MoreMedia Is The Most Accessible Form Of Information1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthat there is an ecological perspective, which is affected and manipulated by the system surrounding teenagers on teenager’s formation of consciousness on sex. It is also said that there are factors in the local community, family, environment, peer group, and personal life within the system. Also, this is also defined as a value relating to sex, which includes physical characteristics of men and women, form of action, and values. During the teenage period, there are sexual drives due to rapid physical

Social Theories Examination of Prostitution - 2284 Words

Prostitution is the sale of sexual services for money or goods without emotional attachment. Systems of prostitution can include any industry in which women and/or children’s- and occasionally men’s bodies are bought, sold, or traded for sexual use. Prostitution has been referred to as the â€Å"world’s oldest profession† because proof of prostitution can be found from up to four thousand years in the past. Prostitution has been neither totally accepted nor condemned. Sociological perspectives can be used to examine prostitution as a social problem in Canada. Structural Functionalists focus on how deviance-including prostitution-is an important element of society. Symbolic Interactionalists investigate micro-level concerns, such as how or why†¦show more content†¦Residents worry that increased police patrols will linger only as long as there is public attention to a long-standing problem. Residents called for continuous police patrols so people ou tside downtown will again feel comfortable visiting the once vibrant area. Article Four Summary The Fourth Article on prostitution: Career Options in Prostitution was found on the Jobboom Internet Career Guide. The article is about a fourteen year old girl named Falle. Falle turned into a prostitute and ended up marrying her pimp. When young female prostitutes turn sixteen many are already hooked into â€Å"the life† and in emotionally corrosive co-dependent relationships with predatory pimps who control them through physical and psychological battery. Falle clung to the hope that her husband would change that if she worked hard and made lots of money that he wouldn’t get another girl. During the last two years of her marriage, between her routine beatings from her husband and threats from other prostitutes she resorted to drugs and developed an addiction to crack-cocaine. When she became so delusional that she didn’t even recognize her own mother she wanted out of the business. Falle spent a month in drug treatment and ninety days in a detention centre, she completed high school in seven months. She received her diploma in â€Å"Wife Assault and Child Advocacy† from George Brown College. ArticleShow MoreRelatedIn the 21st century, significant researchers, organizations and policy makers are advocating the1600 Words   |  7 Pages Yet there are equally opposing views that challenge the modern paradigms, such as the perplexing definition of sex slaves, the influence of neoliberalism behind policy framework and the consideration of influential factors such as capitalism and social status (Molland, 2010; Smith, 2011). This paper seeks to critically examine the context of contemporary sex slavery in Australia, enquire into motivations of South East Asian sexual slaves and investigate into the remedies that are required to addressRead MoreRacial Relations: Dating Interratially 1085 Words   |  5 Pagesdescent), and Hispanics (anyone of Hispanic origins). It was pretty important, for the sake of the research project, to be sure to distinguish between people who date interracially from those who actually marry interracially. In this particular examination, I will analyze those who interracially date while utilizing certain cases that eventually led to marriage. With the United States becoming more diverse, people are becoming more willing to date interracially. Although intra-racial dating wasRead MoreThe Legal Status Of Prostitution1460 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch, a hypothesis of answer for this research question ‘Can people attitudes on the legal status of prostitution be shaped by media representation?’ will be allocated. The hypothesis position to this question is posited as ‘an individual with less knowledge on the subject (i.e. prostitution and its legality issues) is more probable to affect by media on his or her attitude towards prostitution’. This research intends to adopt an experimental design because it deemed as an ideal research methodRead MoreProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to humanRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscriminate between genders, educational levels, geographic locations, social classes, religions, or age. The purpose of this research is to examine sex work and anti-trafficking laws and policies in the UK from a sociological perspective. It will focus on how the laws and policies set forth in 1956 to the present have/are being implemented by state and non-state actors in order to establish a holis-tic approach to the social problem of modern slavery. As the current approach being used by the UKRead MoreHomeless Youth : An Unseen Population1042 Words   |  5 Pagesyouth crisis and to provide the tools to encourage social change. Once completed the film will be used to implement task force initiatives, needs assessments and policy changes. The goal was to help kids get into rehabs and transitional living centers. Pregnant teens were also referred to adoption agencies. Empowerment Theory Empowerment theory can be used with homeless youth groups. Kirst-Ashman (2014) describe empowerment theory as a theory that can be used to improve the lives of people whoRead MoreThe Social Philosophies On The Race Theory And Feminism Approaches1316 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will address and define the social philosophies on the Race Theory and feminism approaches. These theories will be explained of how it is understood, compared and contrasted through examples of social justice, and examples of injustice. The Race theory is viewed as a self-conscious way of thinking. It is referred to as ideas of human differences beginning from ancient times to today. Racism is made up of practices and commitments deriving from racial hierarchies. However, the thoughtRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1439 Words   |  6 Pagescomprehended. Professor of Epidemiology, Rezaeian Mohsen, has stated that, â€Å"The ultimate intention of human trafficking is to give illegitimate power to a human being in order to force another human being to be a subject of modern slavery i.e. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, etc.† (Mohsen, 2016, p.36). This type of illegitimate power has the opportunity to thrive in a global economy where minimizing costs and maximizing profits is the ultimate goal. Globalization and regionalRead MoreThe Constrained Court Model Created By Gerald N. Rosenberg1408 Words   |  6 PagesFrohmann demonstrate that the courts are not effective unless they overcome these constraints, set in the constrained court model. According to Rosenberg and Frohmann social reform is nearly unachievable, through the district attorney and victim cross examination interview and jury assumptions. 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Neil Simon Free Essays

Marvin Neil Simon was born on July 4, 1927, and grew up in Washington Heights at the northern tip of Manhattan. He attended New York University briefly (1944-45) and the University of Denver (1945-46) before joining the United States Army where he began his writing career working for the Army camp newspaper. After being discharged from the army, Simon returned to New York and took a job as a mailroom clerk for Warner Brother’s East Coast office. We will write a custom essay sample on Neil Simon or any similar topic only for you Order Now He and his brother Danny began writing comedy revues and eventually found their way into radio, then television. Simon received several Emmy Award nominations for his television writing, then moved on to the stage where he quickly established himself as America’s most successful commercial playwright by creating an unparalleled string of Broadway hits beginning with Come Blow Your Horn. During the 1966-67 seasons, Barefoot in the Park, The Odd Couple, Sweet Charity and The Star Spangled Girl were all running simultaneously. In 1973, following the death of his wife, Simon reached a low point in his career with two failures The Good Doctor (1973) and God’s Favorite (1976). A move to California, however, reinvigorated him and he produced a much more successful play later that year in California Suite. After marrying actress Marsha Mason, Simon went on to write Chapter Two (1977) which was considered by many critics to be his finest play to that date. His fourth musical, They’re Playing Our Song, proved fairly successful in 1979, but his next three plays (I Ought to Be in Pictures, Fools and a revised version of Little Me) all proved unsuccessful at the box office. During the course of his career, Simon has received around 27 awards. He got his first award in 1957 for your show of show and his latest one was in 2006 for American humor. How to cite Neil Simon, Papers

Criminological Theories Portrayed in the Hunchback free essay sample

While watching the film the Hunchback of Notre Dame, by Victor Hugo, there is one common theme that tends to standout throughout the entire movie. There is a major division between the social classes which creates turmoil and crime in this society. Those in the highest class tend to look down on those that are in the lowest class, not understanding why they take the actions they do. When those in lower class, who are considered vagabonds, display what the higher class considers criminal behavior they issue harsh punishment towards them. There is also the social class that includes the church and those that belong to it. The church figures do not want the idealistic views to create change in the society. The setting for this movie is France after it has been involved in many years of war and the country is trying to rebuild itself. Until this point religion has played a major role in most of the individual’s livelihood. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminological Theories Portrayed in the Hunchback or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this time period of the movie many free thinkers come to light with ideas of how to improve the country and philosophers begin popping up. There are many people in the society who do not agree with their ideas, especially those who are in the church. Punishment during this time would not be considered humanistic to those who were born in this day in age. They conducted public punishment that ranged from whippings to killings. Often times, individuals who went against societies views were punished publicly to prevent the spread of this type of thinking and acting. Quasimodo, also known as the Hunchback of Notre Dame, is one of the main characters in this movie. He was left on the church steps as a baby and was taken in by Frollo. Quasimodo not only had a hunchbacked but he also had facial deformities and had become deaf from ringing the bells of the church. He lived in the bell tower and was hardly seen by society, when he was seen by society they believed he would curse them. Quasimodo obeyed Frollo and did as he wished even if it got him in trouble because he did not know any better. Frollo also lived in the church that his brother was the head of. He did not want to see any harm come to Quasimodo but there were times when he did not stick up for him or tell the truth so he would not be punished. John was the head of the high courts and helped to sentence those who did wrong. There were times when he would use torture to get people to confess for crimes that they did not commit. He was an evil man who killed and tried to let another take the blame for his crime. Esmeralda was a beautiful gypsy that John fell in lust with after he saw her for the first time. Due to the fact that she was a gypsy she was not wanted in this part of society because they were believed to be like witches. Esmeralda had a good heart and was willing to listen and help out any person that she could. Esmeralda married Gringore, a man she did not love, to save him from being hung by the vagabonds. She was accused of murdering Phoebus, the man she loved and was tortured into confessing. Pheobus was one of the protectors of the Kings court and has saved Esmeralda when she was being attacked by Quasimodo. Quasimodo had seen the good side of her and helped to protect her when she was in trouble. Gringore joined the vagabonds and was one of the driving forces that set out to save Esmeralda when she was on trial. Clopin is the king of the vagabonds, he not only leads them but they also have to give him a daily portion of the money that they steal or receive from begging. When Esmeralda sneaks into the Kingdom and is facing arrest they take her in and tell her that her and her people are accepted there. Clopin leads his people to try and save Esmeralda from the trial. He leads a charge on the church where Esmeralda stays after the trial because he believes they will kill her when actually she was staying there for her safety. One criminological theory can be seen in the movie is that of Violent Crimes.

My Triathlon Training Program Essay Example

My Triathlon Training Program Essay My Goal: To complete the triathlon with an achieved or higher. In order to achieve this goal I will need to Train specifically for the triathlon, stay positive through the training and the triathlon and finish the triathlon under 41.30. I will know I’m on task to achieve my goal by recording times and results from trainings, progress and increase trainings weekly and compare results to the times needed for me to achieve my goal Explain in detail how you applied the training methods to your training program. To train for the triathlon we were given different training methods we could apply to our trainings too help us out. These methods were, Fartlek, continuous, interval and resistance. These methods would help our trainings become more specific to triathlon training. One of the methods I include in my trainings was continuous training. Continuous training is when you train nonstop and continue whatever exercise you are doing without breaks/ rests. I included continuous training when I would go for runs. This meant I would try and run the distance I set out to run without stopping. Another method I used was fartlek training. I applied this method to my training when I was on a spin bike at the gym. When I used fartlek training I Would try to stay above 125 RPM for about 40 seconds to a minute then slowed it down and try stay at or around 100 RPM for about 5 minutes. Then I slow it down to a steady pace and recover a bit before I would repeat the method. One more method I would use was t he interval training. I would use this method when I would go swimming, I would swim one length then rest when I got to the end of the pool, I made sure my rests weren’t to short or to long so that I knew I was taking full advantage of this method by doing it correctly. We will write a custom essay sample on My Triathlon Training Program specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Triathlon Training Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Triathlon Training Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Explain in detail how the following principles of training to your training program Specificity Progressive Overload Time Frequency Intensity. Specificity is when you train specifi

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology The best approach to dream interpretation is a question that psychologists have a hard time agreeing on. Many, such as Sigmund Freud, adhere to the idea that dreams point to unconscious desires, while others, such as Calvin S. Hall, advocate for a cognitive approach in which dreams reflect different parts of our waking lives. Key Takeaways: Dream Interpretation Many approaches to dream interpretation have been proposed in psychology, including that dreams should be examined for symbols and that they reflect our perspectives on our lives.Psychologists differ on whether dreams serve a real purpose and what that purpose might be.Dream researcher G. William Domhoff observed that interpreting an individuals dreams provides â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   What Are Dreams? Dreams are a series of images, emotions, thoughts, and sensations that occur when we sleep. They are involuntary and typically occur during the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of slumber. Although dreams can occur at other points in the sleep cycle, they’re most vivid and memorable during REM.  Not everyone remembers their dreams, but researchers believe that everyone has three to six 6 dreams in a night and that each dream lasts between 5 and 20 minutes. Even people who do remember their dreams are thought to forget about 95% of them when they wake up. Psychologists offer many reasons for dreaming. Some suggest its simply to clear away useless memories from the previous day and enter important ones into long-term storage. For example, if you have a dream about President Trump swimming with manatees it may be that your brain is in the process of removing a piece of news about the presidential administration and endangered species. On the other hand, many psychologists, especially those involved in therapy, have seen the value of dream analysis. Thus, while dreams may help sort the information in our brains, they may also help us consider information that we ignore when we’re awake. So, perhaps during the day, we focused on tasks that had nothing to do with the news about the presidential administration and endangered species, but then we worked through how we felt about the information during our dreams that night. Others have proposed that dreams are the brain’s way of preparing for possible future challenges. For example, dreams about our teeth falling out could reflect our anxiety about our body giving out on us. Dreams may also serve a problem-solving function as we continue to grapple with challenges, like a difficult work project that we tackled during the day, as we sleep. Psychologists like G. William Domhoff claimed that there is no psychological function for our dreams. Yet, Domhoff also said dreams have meaning because their content is unique to the individual and therefore analyzing an individual’s dreams can provide â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† Freud’s perspective on dream interpretation, which he laid out in his seminal book The Interpretation of Dreams, continues to be popular today. Freud believed dreaming was a form of  wish fulfillment that reflected a dreamer’s unconscious desires. He also claimed that the manifest content of a dream, or the literal story or events of the dream, masks the latent content of the dream, or the symbolic or hidden meaning of the dream. For example, if an individual dreams they are flying, it may actually mean that the individual is yearning for freedom from a situation they see as oppressive. Freud called the process of transforming latent content into manifest content â€Å"dreamwork† and suggested it includes several processes: Condensation involves combining multiple ideas or images into one. For instance, a dream about an authority figure could represent one’s parents and one’s boss at the same time.Displacement involves changing the thing we’re really concerned about into something else. For example, if an individual is considering whether to go back to school or to accept a new job, they might dream about two large animals fighting, representing the dilemma they feel about the decision.Symbolization involves one object standing in for another. For example, the use of a gun or sword can be interpreted as having a sexual meaning.Secondary revision involves reorganizing the elements of a dream into a comprehensive whole. This takes place at the end of a dream and results in the dream’s manifest content. Freud also made some suggestions about universal symbols that could be found in dreams. According to Freud, only a few things are symbolized in dreams, including the human body, parents, children, siblings, birth, and death. Freud suggested that the individual was often symbolized by a house, while parents appear as royal figures or other highly respected individuals. Meanwhile, water often references birth, and going on a journey represents death. However, Freud did not put a great deal of weight on universal symbols. He said that symbolism in dreams is often personal and therefore dream interpretation requires an understanding of the dreamer’s individual circumstances. Carl Jung’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Jung was originally a follower of Freud. Even though he eventually broke with him and developed rival theories, Jung’s approach to dream interpretation has some things in common with Freud’s. Like Freud, Jung believed dreams contained latent meaning disguised by manifest content. However, Jung also believed dreams symbolized a person’s desire for balance in their personality, not wish fulfillment. Jung put more weight on a dream’s manifest content than Freud, as he felt that important symbols could be found there. In addition, Jung posited that dreams were expressions of the collective unconscious and could help one anticipate future issues in their life. As an example of his approach to dream interpretation, Jung related a young man’s dream. In the dream the young mans father was driving away erratically. He eventually hit a  wall and wrecked his car because he was drunk. The young man was surprised by the dream as his relationship with his father was positive and his father would never drive drunk in real life. Jung interpreted the dream to mean that the young man felt he was living in his father’s shadow. Thus, the purpose of the dream was to knock the father down while elevating the young man. Jung often used archetypes and universal myths to interpret dreams. As a result, Jungian therapy approaches dream analysis in three stages. First the personal context of the dreamer is considered. Second the dreamer’s cultural context is considered, including their age and environment. Finally, any archetypal content is evaluated in order to discover links between the dream and humanity as a whole. Calvin S. Hall’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Unlike Freud and Jung, Hall didn’t believe that dreams included latent content. Instead, he proposed a cognitive theory that claimed that dreams are simply thoughts that appear in the mind during sleep. As a result, dreams represent our personal lives through the following cognitive structures: Conceptions of the self or how we see ourselves. For example, an individual might dream that they become a powerful businessperson but then lose it all, suggesting the individual sees themselves as strong but is concerned they can’t maintain that strength.Conceptions of others or how the individual views the other important individuals in their life. For instance, if the individual sees their mother as nagging and demanding they will appear that way in the individual’s dreams.Conceptions of the world or how one views their environment. For example, if the individual finds the world cold and unfeeling, their dream may take place in a bleak, snowy tundra.Conceptions of impulses, prohibitions, and penalties or how the dreamer understands his repressed wishes. Hall suggested it’s our understanding of our desires, not the desires themselves, that impact our behavior. Thus, for example, dreams about hitting a wall or other obstacle in the pursuit of pleasure could shed light on the way an individual feels about their sexual impulses. Conceptions of problems and conflict or one’s conceptions of the challenges one faces in life. For instance if the individual sees their mother as nagging, their dream may reflect their dilemma in coping with what they perceive as their mother’s unreasonable demands. Hall came to his conclusions about dreams through an approach he developed with Robert Van De Castle in the 1960s. The approach uses quantitative content analysis to evaluate reports of dreams. The system of content analysis scales provides a scientific way to evaluate dreams. This stands in contrast to Freud and Jung’s approaches to dream interpretation, which lack scientific rigor. Other Psychological Approaches to Dream Interpretation There are several other approaches to dream interpretation that arise from different psychological perspectives. Some of these approaches are already reflected in the researchers mentioned above. Freud’s approach to dream interpretation is utilized by psychodynamic psychologists, while Hall’s approach is shared by cognitive psychologists. Other approaches include: Behavioral psychologists focus on how an individual’s behavior impacts their dreams and the behavior they exhibit within their dreams.Humanistic psychologists see dreams as reflections of the self and how the individual deals with their circumstances. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Dream Interpretation: What Do Dreams Mean.† Verywell Mind, 26 July 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/dream-interpretation-what-do-dreams-mean-2795930Domhoff, G. William. Dreams Have Psychological Meaning and Cultural Uses, but No Known Adaptive Function. The DreamResearch.net Dream Library. https://dreams.ucsc.edu/Library/purpose.htmlHall, Calvin S. A Cognitive Theory of Dreams. The Journal of General Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, 1953, pp. 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1953.9710091Hurd, Ryan. Calvin Hall and the Cognitive Theory of Dreaming. Dream Studies Portal. https://dreamstudies.org/2009/12/03/calvin-hall-cognitive-theory-of-dreaming/Jung, Carl. The Essential Jung: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press, 1983.Kluger, Jeffrey. What Your Dreams Actually Mean, According to Science. Time, 12 September, 2017. https://time.com/4921605/dreams-meaning/McAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5t h ed., Wiley, 2008. McAndrews, Frank T. The Freudian Symbolism in Your Dreams. Psychology Today, 1 January, 2018. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-ooze/201801/the-freudian-symbolism-in-your-dreamsMcLeod, Saul. â€Å"What Are the Most Interesting Ideas of Sigmund Freud.† Simply Psychology, 5 April, 2019. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.htmlNichols, Hannah. Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Medical News Today, 28 June, 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284378.phpSmykowski, Joanna. The Psychology of Dreams: What Do They Mean? BetterHelp, 28 June, 2019. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/the-psychology-of-dreams-what-do-they-mean/Stevens, Anthony. Jung: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1994.

Consumer Decision Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Decision Process - Essay Example Consumer decision process is complex and is affected by several factors. In this paper the factors affecting consumer decision process are examined with the help of an actual purchase situation of a vacation and well supplanted with theoretical support. Grounding Theory There is a five step process in the consumer buying process: need recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and post purchase evaluation. Consumers can go through three types of decision-making. The first is routine decision-making which is used when the purchase is simple, inexpensive, and familiar. Another is called limited decision-making. The consumer uses this type when decision-making involves a moderate search and purchasing effort. The final decision-making process is referred to as extensive and is used when the product is unfamiliar or very significant to consumers. Consumers may search for brand and outlets in combinations (Hawkins et.al, 1983). Most consumers are influenced by various groups in the decision-making buying process. Consumer choices are nested and interlocked across the assorted contexts of daily life (e.g., First and Dholakia 1982; Huffman, Ratneshwar, and Mick 2000).We examine these contexts in following paragraphs. Demographic Influences Demographic and economic descriptors of a market are often helpful but insufficient to explain what is purchased by consumers. They provide us with directional indicators of the total quantity purchased by variously categorized consumers but they are unable to pinpoint the specific choices of the consumers and what factors determined such choices. These factors can reveal little about the individual assortment of products purchased, brand choice, brand switching etc. Typical examples of such factors are agewise, income wise, region wise, brand wise sales or purchase data. Such data can provide broad leads for future marketing efforts. The marketing efforts however can only be truly guided by deeper analysis of other factors as discussed below. Motivation In consumer motivation there are essentially two views. First view holds the Freudian position that forces shaping people's behavior are largely unconscious. People may be unwilling, or unable to reveal or identify what is motivating them. In such cases identification of motivating factors becomes arduous. They have to be conjectured with the help of patterns of consumer behavior to given stimuli-often in controlled conditions. It has to be supplanted by additional efforts in indirect structured searching. Second view is attributed to the development of Maslow's need hierarchy. This view states that consumers are driven to satisfy certain needs at particular times and these needs can be arranged in a hierarchical pattern. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, there are five categories of needs viz. (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. They form a pyramid structure with the lowest and broadest